In today’s digital age, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology is profoundly influencing the pattern of education, especially in the field of college English teaching. The integration of digital technology has profoundly transformed various aspects of higher education, triggering fundamental changes in the education sector. This paper deeply analyzes the role of integrating ChatGPT and Social Interdependence Theory in promoting the development of college students’ English critical thinking skills within college English teaching. The author elaborates on the restructuring of college English teaching models based on this integration and compares the effectiveness of cultivating critical thinking skills between traditional teaching practices and those that combine ChatGPT with Social Interdependence Theory. The paper also provides a perspective on future research.